class ListAPIView

    def _allowed_methods(self):
        return [m.upper() for m in self.http_method_names if hasattr(self, m)]

    def check_throttles(self, request):
        """
        Check if request should be throttled.
        """
        for throttle in self.get_throttles():
            if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):
                self.throttled(request, throttle.wait())

    def filter_queryset(self, queryset):
        """
        Given a queryset, filter it with whichever filter backend is in use.
        """
        if not self.filter_backend:
            return queryset
        backend = self.filter_backend()
        return backend.filter_queryset(self.request, queryset, self)

    def finalize_response(self, request, response, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the final response object.
        """
        if isinstance(response, Response):
            if not getattr(request, 'accepted_renderer', None):
                neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request, force=True)
                request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg

            response.accepted_renderer = request.accepted_renderer
            response.accepted_media_type = request.accepted_media_type
            response.renderer_context = self.get_renderer_context()

        for key, value in self.headers.items():
            response[key] = value

        return response

    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        return self.list(request, *args, **kwargs)

    def get_allow_empty(self):
        """
        Returns ``True`` if the view should display empty lists, and ``False``
        if a 404 should be raised instead.
        """
        return self.allow_empty

    def get_authenticate_header(self, request):
        """
        If a request is unauthenticated, determine the WWW-Authenticate
        header to use for 401 responses, if any.
        """
        authenticators = self.get_authenticators()
        if authenticators:
            return authenticators[0].authenticate_header(request)

    def get_authenticators(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of renderers that this view can use.
        """
        return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes]

    def get_content_negotiator(self):
        """
        Instantiate and return the content negotiation class to use.
        """
        if not getattr(self, '_negotiator', None):
            self._negotiator = self.content_negotiation_class()
        return self._negotiator

    def get_context_object_name(self, object_list):
        """
        Get the name of the item to be used in the context.
        """
        if self.context_object_name:
            return self.context_object_name
        elif hasattr(object_list, 'model'):
            return '%s_list' % object_list.model._meta.model_name
        else:
            return None

    def get_description(self, html=False):
        """
        Return the resource or view docstring for use as this view's description.
        Override to customize.
        """
        # TODO: deprecate?
        description = self.__doc__ or ''
        description = _remove_leading_indent(description)
        if html:
            return self.markup_description(description)
        return description

    def get_format_suffix(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Determine if the request includes a '.json' style format suffix
        """
        if self.settings.FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG:
            return kwargs.get(self.settings.FORMAT_SUFFIX_KWARG)

    def get_name(self):
        """
        Return the resource or view class name for use as this view's name.
        Override to customize.
        """
        # TODO: deprecate?
        name = self.__class__.__name__
        name = _remove_trailing_string(name, 'View')
        return _camelcase_to_spaces(name)

    def get_ordering(self):
        """
        Return the field or fields to use for ordering the queryset.
        """
        return self.ordering

    def get_paginate_orphans(self):
        """
        Returns the maximum number of orphans extend the last page by when
        paginating.
        """
        return self.paginate_orphans

    def get_pagination_serializer(self, page=None):
        """
        Return a serializer instance to use with paginated data.
        """
        class SerializerClass(self.pagination_serializer_class):
            class Meta:
                object_serializer_class = self.get_serializer_class()

        pagination_serializer_class = SerializerClass
        context = self.get_serializer_context()
        return pagination_serializer_class(instance=page, context=context)

    def get_paginator(self, queryset, per_page, orphans=0,
                      allow_empty_first_page=True, **kwargs):
        """
        Return an instance of the paginator for this view.
        """
        return self.paginator_class(
            queryset, per_page, orphans=orphans,
            allow_empty_first_page=allow_empty_first_page, **kwargs)

    def get_parser_context(self, http_request):
        """
        Returns a dict that is passed through to Parser.parse(),
        as the `parser_context` keyword argument.
        """
        # Note: Additionally `request` will also be added to the context
        #       by the Request object.
        return {
            'view': self,
            'args': getattr(self, 'args', ()),
            'kwargs': getattr(self, 'kwargs', {})
        }

    def get_parsers(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of renderers that this view can use.
        """
        return [parser() for parser in self.parser_classes]

    def get_permissions(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of permissions that this view requires.
        """
        return [permission() for permission in self.permission_classes]

    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Return the list of items for this view.

        The return value must be an iterable and may be an instance of
        `QuerySet` in which case `QuerySet` specific behavior will be enabled.
        """
        if self.queryset is not None:
            queryset = self.queryset
            if isinstance(queryset, QuerySet):
                queryset = queryset.all()
        elif self.model is not None:
            queryset = self.model._default_manager.all()
        else:
            raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                "%(cls)s is missing a QuerySet. Define "
                "%(cls)s.model, %(cls)s.queryset, or override "
                "%(cls)s.get_queryset()." % {
                    'cls': self.__class__.__name__
                }
            )
        ordering = self.get_ordering()
        if ordering:
            if isinstance(ordering, six.string_types):
                ordering = (ordering,)
            queryset = queryset.order_by(*ordering)

        return queryset

    def get_renderer_context(self):
        """
        Returns a dict that is passed through to Renderer.render(),
        as the `renderer_context` keyword argument.
        """
        # Note: Additionally 'response' will also be added to the context,
        #       by the Response object.
        return {
            'view': self,
            'args': getattr(self, 'args', ()),
            'kwargs': getattr(self, 'kwargs', {}),
            'request': getattr(self, 'request', None)
        }

    def get_renderers(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of renderers that this view can use.
        """
        return [renderer() for renderer in self.renderer_classes]

    def get_serializer(self, instance=None, data=None,
                       files=None, partial=False):
        """
        Return the serializer instance that should be used for validating and
        deserializing input, and for serializing output.
        """
        serializer_class = self.get_serializer_class()
        context = self.get_serializer_context()
        return serializer_class(instance, data=data, files=files,
                                partial=partial, context=context)

    def get_serializer_class(self):
        """
        Return the class to use for the serializer.

        Defaults to using `self.serializer_class`, falls back to constructing a
        model serializer class using `self.model_serializer_class`, with
        `self.model` as the model.
        """
        serializer_class = self.serializer_class

        if serializer_class is None:
            class DefaultSerializer(self.model_serializer_class):
                class Meta:
                    model = self.model
            serializer_class = DefaultSerializer

        return serializer_class

    def get_serializer_context(self):
        """
        Extra context provided to the serializer class.
        """
        return {
            'request': self.request,
            'format': self.format_kwarg,
            'view': self
        }

    def get_throttles(self):
        """
        Instantiates and returns the list of throttles that this view uses.
        """
        return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes]

    def handle_exception(self, exc):
        """
        Handle any exception that occurs, by returning an appropriate response,
        or re-raising the error.
        """
        if isinstance(exc, exceptions.Throttled):
            # Throttle wait header
            self.headers['X-Throttle-Wait-Seconds'] = '%d' % exc.wait

        if isinstance(exc, (exceptions.NotAuthenticated,
                            exceptions.AuthenticationFailed)):
            # WWW-Authenticate header for 401 responses, else coerce to 403
            auth_header = self.get_authenticate_header(self.request)

            if auth_header:
                self.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = auth_header
            else:
                exc.status_code = status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN

        if isinstance(exc, exceptions.APIException):
            return Response({'detail': exc.detail},
                            status=exc.status_code,
                            exception=True)
        elif isinstance(exc, Http404):
            return Response({'detail': 'Not found'},
                            status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND,
                            exception=True)
        elif isinstance(exc, PermissionDenied):
            return Response({'detail': 'Permission denied'},
                            status=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
                            exception=True)
        raise

    def has_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Return `True` if the request should be permitted.
        """
        for permission in self.get_permissions():
            if not permission.has_permission(request, self, obj):
                return False
        return True

    def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Runs anything that needs to occur prior to calling the method handler.
        """
        self.format_kwarg = self.get_format_suffix(**kwargs)

        # Ensure that the incoming request is permitted
        if not self.has_permission(request):
            self.permission_denied(request)
        self.check_throttles(request)

        # Perform content negotiation and store the accepted info on the request
        neg = self.perform_content_negotiation(request)
        request.accepted_renderer, request.accepted_media_type = neg

    def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kargs):
        """
        Returns the initial request object.
        """
        parser_context = self.get_parser_context(request)

        return Request(request,
                       parsers=self.get_parsers(),
                       authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
                       negotiator=self.get_content_negotiator(),
                       parser_context=parser_context)

    def list(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        queryset = self.get_queryset()
        self.object_list = self.filter_queryset(queryset)

        # Default is to allow empty querysets.  This can be altered by setting
        # `.allow_empty = False`, to raise 404 errors on empty querysets.
        allow_empty = self.get_allow_empty()
        if not allow_empty and not self.object_list:
            class_name = self.__class__.__name__
            error_msg = self.empty_error % {'class_name': class_name}
            raise Http404(error_msg)

        # Pagination size is set by the `.paginate_by` attribute,
        # which may be `None` to disable pagination.
        page_size = self.get_paginate_by(self.object_list)
        if page_size:
            packed = self.paginate_queryset(self.object_list, page_size)
            paginator, page, queryset, is_paginated = packed
            serializer = self.get_pagination_serializer(page)
        else:
            serializer = self.get_serializer(self.object_list)

        return Response(serializer.data)

    def markup_description(self, description):
        """
        Apply HTML markup to the description of this view.
        """
        # TODO: deprecate?
        if apply_markdown:
            description = apply_markdown(description)
        else:
            description = escape(description).replace('\n', '<br />')
        return mark_safe(description)

    def metadata(self, request):
        return {
            'name': self.get_name(),
            'description': self.get_description(),
            'renders': [renderer.media_type for renderer in self.renderer_classes],
            'parses': [parser.media_type for parser in self.parser_classes],
        }

    def paginate_queryset(self, queryset, page_size):
        """
        Paginate the queryset, if needed.
        """
        paginator = self.get_paginator(
            queryset, page_size, orphans=self.get_paginate_orphans(),
            allow_empty_first_page=self.get_allow_empty())
        page_kwarg = self.page_kwarg
        page = self.kwargs.get(page_kwarg) or self.request.GET.get(page_kwarg) or 1
        try:
            page_number = int(page)
        except ValueError:
            if page == 'last':
                page_number = paginator.num_pages
            else:
                raise Http404(_("Page is not 'last', nor can it be converted to an int."))
        try:
            page = paginator.page(page_number)
            return (paginator, page, page.object_list, page.has_other_pages())
        except InvalidPage as e:
            raise Http404(_('Invalid page (%(page_number)s): %(message)s') % {
                'page_number': page_number,
                'message': str(e)
            })

    def perform_content_negotiation(self, request, force=False):
        """
        Determine which renderer and media type to use render the response.
        """
        renderers = self.get_renderers()
        conneg = self.get_content_negotiator()

        try:
            return conneg.select_renderer(request, renderers, self.format_kwarg)
        except:
            if force:
                return (renderers[0], renderers[0].media_type)
            raise

    def permission_denied(self, request):
        """
        If request is not permitted, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        if not self.request.successful_authenticator:
            raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated()
        raise exceptions.PermissionDenied()

    def throttled(self, request, wait):
        """
        If request is throttled, determine what kind of exception to raise.
        """
        raise exceptions.Throttled(wait)